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Building Secure REST APIs in Go: A Developer's Guide to Security-First Design

Security patterns and practices for production-ready Go APIs

•by hacker1db

Building Secure REST APIs in Go: A Developer's Guide to Security-First Design

After building APIs that handle millions of requests daily, I've learned that security can't be an afterthought. In this guide, I'll share battle-tested patterns for building secure REST APIs in Go from the ground up.

Security-First API Architecture

The Foundation: Secure by Default

When I start a new API project, security considerations drive the initial architecture decisions. Here's my standard project structure:

secure-api/
├── cmd/
│   └── server/
│       └── main.go
├── internal/
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── jwt.go
│   │   ├── middleware.go
│   │   └── rbac.go
│   ├── handlers/
│   │   ├── users.go
│   │   └── health.go
│   ├── middleware/
│   │   ├── rate_limit.go
│   │   ├── logging.go
│   │   └── security.go
│   ├── models/
│   ├── database/
│   └── validation/
├── configs/
├── docs/
└── deployments/

Authentication and Authorization

JWT Implementation with Security Best Practices

package auth

import (
    "crypto/rand"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "time"

    "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
    "golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
)

type JWTManager struct {
    secretKey     []byte
    tokenDuration time.Duration
    issuer        string
}

type Claims struct {
    UserID   string   `json:"user_id"`
    Email    string   `json:"email"`
    Roles    []string `json:"roles"`
    jwt.RegisteredClaims
}

func NewJWTManager(secretKey string, tokenDuration time.Duration, issuer string) *JWTManager {
    return &JWTManager{
        secretKey:     []byte(secretKey),
        tokenDuration: tokenDuration,
        issuer:        issuer,
    }
}

func (manager *JWTManager) Generate(userID, email string, roles []string) (string, error) {
    claims := Claims{
        UserID: userID,
        Email:  email,
        Roles:  roles,
        RegisteredClaims: jwt.RegisteredClaims{
            ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now().Add(manager.tokenDuration)),
            IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
            NotBefore: jwt.NewNumericDate(time.Now()),
            Issuer:    manager.issuer,
            Subject:   userID,
            ID:        generateJTI(), // Unique token ID for revocation
        },
    }

    token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
    return token.SignedString(manager.secretKey)
}

func (manager *JWTManager) Verify(tokenString string) (*Claims, error) {
    token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(
        tokenString,
        &Claims{},
        func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
            if _, ok := token.Method.(*jwt.SigningMethodHMAC); !ok {
                return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected signing method: %v", token.Header["alg"])
            }
            return manager.secretKey, nil
        },
    )

    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid token: %w", err)
    }

    claims, ok := token.Claims.(*Claims)
    if !ok {
        return nil, errors.New("invalid token claims")
    }

    return claims, nil
}

// Secure password hashing with Argon2
func HashPassword(password string) (string, error) {
    salt := make([]byte, 32)
    if _, err := rand.Read(salt); err != nil {
        return "", err
    }

    hash := argon2.IDKey([]byte(password), salt, 1, 64*1024, 4, 32)
    
    // Format: argon2id$salt$hash (base64 encoded)
    return fmt.Sprintf("argon2id$%s$%s", 
        base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(salt),
        base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(hash)), nil
}

func VerifyPassword(password, encodedHash string) bool {
    parts := strings.Split(encodedHash, "$")
    if len(parts) != 3 || parts[0] != "argon2id" {
        return false
    }

    salt, err := base64.RawStdEncoding.DecodeString(parts[1])
    if err != nil {
        return false
    }

    hash, err := base64.RawStdEncoding.DecodeString(parts[2])
    if err != nil {
        return false
    }

    computedHash := argon2.IDKey([]byte(password), salt, 1, 64*1024, 4, 32)
    return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(hash, computedHash) == 1
}

func generateJTI() string {
    bytes := make([]byte, 16)
    rand.Read(bytes)
    return fmt.Sprintf("%x", bytes)
}

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

package auth

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
    "strings"
)

type Role string

const (
    RoleAdmin     Role = "admin"
    RoleUser      Role = "user"
    RoleModerator Role = "moderator"
)

type Permission string

const (
    PermissionRead   Permission = "read"
    PermissionWrite  Permission = "write"
    PermissionDelete Permission = "delete"
    PermissionAdmin  Permission = "admin"
)

type RBACManager struct {
    rolePermissions map[Role][]Permission
}

func NewRBACManager() *RBACManager {
    return &RBACManager{
        rolePermissions: map[Role][]Permission{
            RoleAdmin:     {PermissionRead, PermissionWrite, PermissionDelete, PermissionAdmin},
            RoleModerator: {PermissionRead, PermissionWrite},
            RoleUser:      {PermissionRead},
        },
    }
}

func (rbac *RBACManager) HasPermission(userRoles []string, requiredPermission Permission) bool {
    for _, roleStr := range userRoles {
        role := Role(roleStr)
        if permissions, exists := rbac.rolePermissions[role]; exists {
            for _, permission := range permissions {
                if permission == requiredPermission {
                    return true
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return false
}

// Middleware for authentication
func (manager *JWTManager) AuthMiddleware() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            authHeader := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
            if authHeader == "" {
                http.Error(w, "Authorization header required", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                return
            }

            bearerToken := strings.Split(authHeader, " ")
            if len(bearerToken) != 2 || bearerToken[0] != "Bearer" {
                http.Error(w, "Invalid authorization header format", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                return
            }

            claims, err := manager.Verify(bearerToken[1])
            if err != nil {
                http.Error(w, "Invalid token", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                return
            }

            // Add claims to request context
            ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), "claims", claims)
            next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
        })
    }
}

// Permission-based authorization middleware
func RequirePermission(rbac *RBACManager, permission Permission) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            claims, ok := r.Context().Value("claims").(*Claims)
            if !ok {
                http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
                return
            }

            if !rbac.HasPermission(claims.Roles, permission) {
                http.Error(w, "Insufficient permissions", http.StatusForbidden)
                return
            }

            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
        })
    }
}

Input Validation and Sanitization

Comprehensive Validation Framework

package validation

import (
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "net/mail"
    "regexp"
    "strings"
    "unicode"
)

type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string `json:"field"`
    Message string `json:"message"`
}

type ValidationErrors []ValidationError

func (v ValidationErrors) Error() string {
    var messages []string
    for _, err := range v {
        messages = append(messages, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", err.Field, err.Message))
    }
    return strings.Join(messages, "; ")
}

type UserCreateRequest struct {
    Email     string `json:"email"`
    Password  string `json:"password"`
    FirstName string `json:"first_name"`
    LastName  string `json:"last_name"`
    Phone     string `json:"phone"`
}

func (u *UserCreateRequest) Validate() error {
    var errors ValidationErrors

    // Email validation
    if u.Email == "" {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"email", "Email is required"})
    } else if !isValidEmail(u.Email) {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"email", "Invalid email format"})
    }

    // Password validation
    if u.Password == "" {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"password", "Password is required"})
    } else if !isStrongPassword(u.Password) {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"password", 
            "Password must be at least 8 characters with uppercase, lowercase, number, and special character"})
    }

    // Name validation
    if u.FirstName == "" {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"first_name", "First name is required"})
    } else if !isValidName(u.FirstName) {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"first_name", "Invalid first name format"})
    }

    if u.LastName == "" {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"last_name", "Last name is required"})
    } else if !isValidName(u.LastName) {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"last_name", "Invalid last name format"})
    }

    // Phone validation (optional)
    if u.Phone != "" && !isValidPhone(u.Phone) {
        errors = append(errors, ValidationError{"phone", "Invalid phone number format"})
    }

    if len(errors) > 0 {
        return errors
    }

    return nil
}

func isValidEmail(email string) bool {
    _, err := mail.ParseAddress(email)
    return err == nil
}

func isStrongPassword(password string) bool {
    if len(password) < 8 {
        return false
    }

    var (
        hasUpper   = false
        hasLower   = false
        hasNumber  = false
        hasSpecial = false
    )

    for _, char := range password {
        switch {
        case unicode.IsUpper(char):
            hasUpper = true
        case unicode.IsLower(char):
            hasLower = true
        case unicode.IsNumber(char):
            hasNumber = true
        case unicode.IsPunct(char) || unicode.IsSymbol(char):
            hasSpecial = true
        }
    }

    return hasUpper && hasLower && hasNumber && hasSpecial
}

func isValidName(name string) bool {
    // Allow letters, spaces, hyphens, and apostrophes
    nameRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z\s\-']{1,50}$`)
    return nameRegex.MatchString(name)
}

func isValidPhone(phone string) bool {
    // Simple international phone number validation
    phoneRegex := regexp.MustCompile(`^\+?[\d\s\-\(\)]{10,15}$`)
    return phoneRegex.MatchString(phone)
}

// SQL injection prevention
func SanitizeString(input string) string {
    // Remove potential SQL injection characters
    dangerous := []string{"'", "\"", ";", "--", "/*", "*/", "xp_", "sp_"}
    result := input
    
    for _, char := range dangerous {
        result = strings.ReplaceAll(result, char, "")
    }
    
    return strings.TrimSpace(result)
}

Security Middleware Stack

Comprehensive Security Headers

package middleware

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

// Security headers middleware
func SecurityHeaders() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            // Content Security Policy
            w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", 
                "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'")
            
            // XSS Protection
            w.Header().Set("X-XSS-Protection", "1; mode=block")
            
            // Content Type Options
            w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
            
            // Frame Options
            w.Header().Set("X-Frame-Options", "DENY")
            
            // HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)
            w.Header().Set("Strict-Transport-Security", "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains")
            
            // Referrer Policy
            w.Header().Set("Referrer-Policy", "strict-origin-when-cross-origin")
            
            // Permissions Policy
            w.Header().Set("Permissions-Policy", 
                "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()")

            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
        })
    }
}

// CORS middleware with security considerations
func CORS(allowedOrigins []string) func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            origin := r.Header.Get("Origin")
            
            // Check if origin is allowed
            allowed := false
            for _, allowedOrigin := range allowedOrigins {
                if origin == allowedOrigin {
                    allowed = true
                    break
                }
            }
            
            if allowed {
                w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", origin)
                w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true")
            }
            
            w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS")
            w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", 
                "Accept, Authorization, Content-Type, X-CSRF-Token, X-Request-ID")
            
            if r.Method == "OPTIONS" {
                w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
                return
            }

            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
        })
    }
}

// Request logging with security context
func RequestLogging() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            start := time.Now()
            
            // Generate request ID
            requestID := uuid.New().String()
            r.Header.Set("X-Request-ID", requestID)
            w.Header().Set("X-Request-ID", requestID)
            
            // Wrap response writer to capture status code
            wrapped := &responseWriter{ResponseWriter: w, statusCode: http.StatusOK}
            
            next.ServeHTTP(wrapped, r)
            
            // Log request details (exclude sensitive data)
            log.Printf(
                "method=%s path=%s status=%d duration=%v request_id=%s user_agent=%s ip=%s",
                r.Method,
                r.URL.Path,
                wrapped.statusCode,
                time.Since(start),
                requestID,
                r.UserAgent(),
                getClientIP(r),
            )
        })
    }
}

type responseWriter struct {
    http.ResponseWriter
    statusCode int
}

func (rw *responseWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
    rw.statusCode = code
    rw.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader(code)
}

func getClientIP(r *http.Request) string {
    // Check X-Real-IP header first
    if ip := r.Header.Get("X-Real-IP"); ip != "" {
        return ip
    }
    
    // Check X-Forwarded-For header
    if ip := r.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-For"); ip != "" {
        // Take the first IP if multiple
        if idx := strings.Index(ip, ","); idx != -1 {
            return ip[:idx]
        }
        return ip
    }
    
    // Fallback to RemoteAddr
    if ip := r.RemoteAddr; ip != "" {
        if idx := strings.LastIndex(ip, ":"); idx != -1 {
            return ip[:idx]
        }
        return ip
    }
    
    return "unknown"
}

Rate Limiting Implementation

package middleware

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
    "sync"
    "time"
)

type RateLimiter struct {
    mu       sync.Mutex
    clients  map[string]*Client
    rate     int           // requests per minute
    duration time.Duration // window duration
}

type Client struct {
    requests []time.Time
    mu       sync.Mutex
}

func NewRateLimiter(requestsPerMinute int) *RateLimiter {
    rl := &RateLimiter{
        clients:  make(map[string]*Client),
        rate:     requestsPerMinute,
        duration: time.Minute,
    }
    
    // Cleanup old clients periodically
    go rl.cleanup()
    
    return rl
}

func (rl *RateLimiter) IsAllowed(clientID string) bool {
    rl.mu.Lock()
    client, exists := rl.clients[clientID]
    if !exists {
        client = &Client{}
        rl.clients[clientID] = client
    }
    rl.mu.Unlock()
    
    client.mu.Lock()
    defer client.mu.Unlock()
    
    now := time.Now()
    
    // Remove old requests outside the window
    validRequests := []time.Time{}
    for _, req := range client.requests {
        if now.Sub(req) <= rl.duration {
            validRequests = append(validRequests, req)
        }
    }
    client.requests = validRequests
    
    // Check if under rate limit
    if len(client.requests) < rl.rate {
        client.requests = append(client.requests, now)
        return true
    }
    
    return false
}

func (rl *RateLimiter) RateLimitMiddleware() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
        return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
            clientID := getClientIP(r)
            
            if !rl.IsAllowed(clientID) {
                w.Header().Set("X-RateLimit-Limit", fmt.Sprintf("%d", rl.rate))
                w.Header().Set("X-RateLimit-Remaining", "0")
                w.Header().Set("Retry-After", "60")
                http.Error(w, "Rate limit exceeded", http.StatusTooManyRequests)
                return
            }
            
            next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
        })
    }
}

func (rl *RateLimiter) cleanup() {
    ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
    defer ticker.Stop()
    
    for range ticker.C {
        rl.mu.Lock()
        now := time.Now()
        
        for clientID, client := range rl.clients {
            client.mu.Lock()
            if len(client.requests) == 0 || 
               now.Sub(client.requests[len(client.requests)-1]) > rl.duration {
                delete(rl.clients, clientID)
            }
            client.mu.Unlock()
        }
        rl.mu.Unlock()
    }
}

Database Security

Secure Database Connection and Queries

package database

import (
    "database/sql"
    "fmt"
    "time"

    _ "github.com/lib/pq"
)

type DB struct {
    *sql.DB
}

type Config struct {
    Host         string
    Port         int
    User         string
    Password     string
    DBName       string
    SSLMode      string
    MaxOpenConns int
    MaxIdleConns int
    MaxLifetime  time.Duration
}

func NewConnection(config Config) (*DB, error) {
    dsn := fmt.Sprintf(
        "host=%s port=%d user=%s password=%s dbname=%s sslmode=%s",
        config.Host, config.Port, config.User, config.Password, config.DBName, config.SSLMode,
    )
    
    db, err := sql.Open("postgres", dsn)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open database: %w", err)
    }
    
    // Configure connection pool for security and performance
    db.SetMaxOpenConns(config.MaxOpenConns)
    db.SetMaxIdleConns(config.MaxIdleConns)
    db.SetConnMaxLifetime(config.MaxLifetime)
    
    // Test connection
    if err := db.Ping(); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to ping database: %w", err)
    }
    
    return &DB{db}, nil
}

// User repository with prepared statements
type UserRepository struct {
    db *DB
}

func NewUserRepository(db *DB) *UserRepository {
    return &UserRepository{db: db}
}

func (repo *UserRepository) Create(user *User) error {
    query := `
        INSERT INTO users (id, email, password_hash, first_name, last_name, phone, created_at, updated_at)
        VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)`
    
    _, err := repo.db.Exec(
        query,
        user.ID,
        user.Email,
        user.PasswordHash,
        user.FirstName,
        user.LastName,
        user.Phone,
        user.CreatedAt,
        user.UpdatedAt,
    )
    
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to create user: %w", err)
    }
    
    return nil
}

func (repo *UserRepository) GetByEmail(email string) (*User, error) {
    query := `
        SELECT id, email, password_hash, first_name, last_name, phone, created_at, updated_at
        FROM users
        WHERE email = $1 AND deleted_at IS NULL`
    
    user := &User{}
    err := repo.db.QueryRow(query, email).Scan(
        &user.ID,
        &user.Email,
        &user.PasswordHash,
        &user.FirstName,
        &user.LastName,
        &user.Phone,
        &user.CreatedAt,
        &user.UpdatedAt,
    )
    
    if err != nil {
        if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
            return nil, fmt.Errorf("user not found")
        }
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get user: %w", err)
    }
    
    return user, nil
}

// Audit logging for sensitive operations
func (repo *UserRepository) logAuditEvent(userID, action, details string) error {
    query := `
        INSERT INTO audit_logs (user_id, action, details, ip_address, user_agent, timestamp)
        VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6)`
    
    _, err := repo.db.Exec(query, userID, action, details, "", "", time.Now())
    return err
}

Error Handling and Security

Secure Error Response System

package handlers

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

type ErrorResponse struct {
    Error   string `json:"error"`
    Message string `json:"message"`
    Code    int    `json:"code"`
}

type APIError struct {
    Type    string
    Message string
    Code    int
    Err     error
}

func (e *APIError) Error() string {
    return e.Message
}

// Security-conscious error handling
func HandleError(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, err error) {
    requestID := r.Header.Get("X-Request-ID")
    
    var apiErr *APIError
    var statusCode int
    var userMessage string
    
    // Type assertion for custom API errors
    if e, ok := err.(*APIError); ok {
        apiErr = e
        statusCode = e.Code
        userMessage = e.Message
    } else {
        // Generic error - don't expose internal details
        apiErr = &APIError{
            Type:    "internal_error",
            Message: "An internal error occurred",
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Err:     err,
        }
        statusCode = http.StatusInternalServerError
        userMessage = "An internal error occurred"
    }
    
    // Log detailed error for developers (not exposed to client)
    log.Printf(
        "ERROR: request_id=%s type=%s message=%s error=%v",
        requestID,
        apiErr.Type,
        apiErr.Message,
        apiErr.Err,
    )
    
    // Return sanitized error to client
    response := ErrorResponse{
        Error:   apiErr.Type,
        Message: userMessage,
        Code:    statusCode,
    }
    
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    w.WriteHeader(statusCode)
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response)
}

// Predefined secure error responses
var (
    ErrInvalidCredentials = &APIError{
        Type:    "invalid_credentials",
        Message: "Invalid email or password",
        Code:    http.StatusUnauthorized,
    }
    
    ErrInsufficientPermissions = &APIError{
        Type:    "insufficient_permissions",
        Message: "You don't have permission to perform this action",
        Code:    http.StatusForbidden,
    }
    
    ErrResourceNotFound = &APIError{
        Type:    "resource_not_found",
        Message: "The requested resource was not found",
        Code:    http.StatusNotFound,
    }
    
    ErrValidationFailed = &APIError{
        Type:    "validation_failed",
        Message: "Request validation failed",
        Code:    http.StatusBadRequest,
    }
)

Complete Secure Handler Example

User Authentication Handler

package handlers

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    "your-project/internal/auth"
    "your-project/internal/database"
    "your-project/internal/models"
    "your-project/internal/validation"
)

type AuthHandler struct {
    jwtManager *auth.JWTManager
    userRepo   *database.UserRepository
}

func NewAuthHandler(jwtManager *auth.JWTManager, userRepo *database.UserRepository) *AuthHandler {
    return &AuthHandler{
        jwtManager: jwtManager,
        userRepo:   userRepo,
    }
}

func (h *AuthHandler) Register(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var req validation.UserCreateRequest
    
    if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, ErrValidationFailed)
        return
    }
    
    // Validate input
    if err := req.Validate(); err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "validation_failed",
            Message: err.Error(),
            Code:    http.StatusBadRequest,
            Err:     err,
        })
        return
    }
    
    // Check if user already exists
    _, err := h.userRepo.GetByEmail(req.Email)
    if err == nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "user_exists",
            Message: "User with this email already exists",
            Code:    http.StatusConflict,
        })
        return
    }
    
    // Hash password
    passwordHash, err := auth.HashPassword(req.Password)
    if err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "password_hash_failed",
            Message: "Failed to process password",
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Err:     err,
        })
        return
    }
    
    // Create user
    user := &models.User{
        ID:           generateUserID(),
        Email:        req.Email,
        PasswordHash: passwordHash,
        FirstName:    req.FirstName,
        LastName:     req.LastName,
        Phone:        req.Phone,
        CreatedAt:    time.Now(),
        UpdatedAt:    time.Now(),
    }
    
    if err := h.userRepo.Create(user); err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "user_creation_failed",
            Message: "Failed to create user",
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Err:     err,
        })
        return
    }
    
    // Generate JWT token
    token, err := h.jwtManager.Generate(user.ID, user.Email, []string{"user"})
    if err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "token_generation_failed",
            Message: "Failed to generate authentication token",
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Err:     err,
        })
        return
    }
    
    // Return successful response (excluding sensitive data)
    response := map[string]interface{}{
        "user": map[string]interface{}{
            "id":         user.ID,
            "email":      user.Email,
            "first_name": user.FirstName,
            "last_name":  user.LastName,
            "created_at": user.CreatedAt,
        },
        "token": token,
    }
    
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response)
}

func (h *AuthHandler) Login(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var req struct {
        Email    string `json:"email"`
        Password string `json:"password"`
    }
    
    if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, ErrValidationFailed)
        return
    }
    
    // Rate limiting should be handled by middleware
    // Additional brute force protection could be added here
    
    // Get user by email
    user, err := h.userRepo.GetByEmail(req.Email)
    if err != nil {
        // Don't reveal whether email exists or not
        HandleError(w, r, ErrInvalidCredentials)
        return
    }
    
    // Verify password
    if !auth.VerifyPassword(req.Password, user.PasswordHash) {
        HandleError(w, r, ErrInvalidCredentials)
        return
    }
    
    // Generate JWT token
    token, err := h.jwtManager.Generate(user.ID, user.Email, []string{"user"})
    if err != nil {
        HandleError(w, r, &APIError{
            Type:    "token_generation_failed",
            Message: "Authentication failed",
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Err:     err,
        })
        return
    }
    
    response := map[string]interface{}{
        "token": token,
        "user": map[string]interface{}{
            "id":         user.ID,
            "email":      user.Email,
            "first_name": user.FirstName,
            "last_name":  user.LastName,
        },
    }
    
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(response)
}

Security Testing

Automated Security Tests

package handlers_test

import (
    "bytes"
    "encoding/json"
    "net/http"
    "net/http/httptest"
    "testing"
    "time"
)

func TestAuthHandler_Security(t *testing.T) {
    // Setup test dependencies
    jwtManager := auth.NewJWTManager("test-secret", time.Hour, "test")
    
    tests := []struct {
        name           string
        method         string
        path           string
        body           interface{}
        expectedStatus int
        expectedError  string
    }{
        {
            name:           "SQL injection attempt",
            method:         "POST",
            path:           "/auth/login",
            body:           map[string]string{
                "email":    "admin@example.com'; DROP TABLE users; --",
                "password": "password123",
            },
            expectedStatus: http.StatusUnauthorized,
            expectedError:  "invalid_credentials",
        },
        {
            name:           "XSS attempt in registration",
            method:         "POST",
            path:           "/auth/register",
            body:           map[string]string{
                "email":      "test@example.com",
                "password":   "Password123!",
                "first_name": "<script>alert('xss')</script>",
                "last_name":  "User",
            },
            expectedStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
            expectedError:  "validation_failed",
        },
        {
            name:           "Weak password rejection",
            method:         "POST",
            path:           "/auth/register",
            body:           map[string]string{
                "email":      "test@example.com",
                "password":   "weak",
                "first_name": "Test",
                "last_name":  "User",
            },
            expectedStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
            expectedError:  "validation_failed",
        },
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            var body bytes.Buffer
            json.NewEncoder(&body).Encode(tt.body)
            
            req := httptest.NewRequest(tt.method, tt.path, &body)
            req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
            
            w := httptest.NewRecorder()
            
            // Call your handler here
            // handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
            
            if w.Code != tt.expectedStatus {
                t.Errorf("Expected status %d, got %d", tt.expectedStatus, w.Code)
            }
        })
    }
}

Production Deployment Security

Docker Security Configuration

# Multi-stage build for security
FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder

# Create non-root user
RUN addgroup -g 1001 appgroup && \
    adduser -D -s /bin/sh -u 1001 -G appgroup appuser

WORKDIR /app

# Copy and build application
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -ldflags '-extldflags "-static"' -o main cmd/server/main.go

# Final stage - minimal image
FROM scratch

# Import CA certificates for HTTPS
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/

# Copy user information
COPY --from=builder /etc/passwd /etc/passwd
COPY --from=builder /etc/group /etc/group

# Copy binary
COPY --from=builder /app/main /main

# Use non-root user
USER appuser:appgroup

# Expose port
EXPOSE 8080

# Health check
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
    CMD ["/main", "health"]

ENTRYPOINT ["/main"]

Key Takeaways

Building secure APIs in Go requires attention to detail at every layer:

  1. Authentication & Authorization: Use strong JWT implementation with proper claims validation
  2. Input Validation: Never trust user input - validate and sanitize everything
  3. Error Handling: Don't leak sensitive information in error messages
  4. Rate Limiting: Protect against brute force and DoS attacks
  5. Security Headers: Implement comprehensive security headers
  6. Database Security: Use prepared statements and connection pooling
  7. Logging & Monitoring: Log security events without exposing sensitive data

Remember: security is not a feature you add at the end—it's a foundational principle that should guide every design decision from day one.

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